Reformasi Kebijakan Impor Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) di Indonesia melalui Studi Komparatif dengan Singapura
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Published
Mar 6, 2026
Abstract
Indonesia’s fuel import policy in recent years has shown a tendency toward centralization through coordinated mechanisms, quota restrictions, and shortened licensing periods, raising concerns regarding fair competition principles and consumer protection. In this context, an evaluation of fuel import regulations is necessary to ensure supply security without creating market distortions. This study employs a normative juridical method using functional comparative and law-in-context approaches to examine how administrative norms operate within different market structures and institutional frameworks. Indonesia’s regulatory framework is compared with that of Singapore, which applies a non-exclusive licensing regime, stringent technical standardization, and active competition oversight. The comparison demonstrates that supply stability and quality assurance can be achieved through open market access combined with technical supervision and effective enforcement of competition law. Reform of Indonesia’s fuel import policy should therefore move toward a non-exclusive licensing system based on objective criteria, enhanced transparency in the commodity balance mechanism, formal involvement of the competition authority in policy evaluation, and strengthened quality control mechanisms through independent certification and sampling.
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How to Cite
Dzakiyya Ikbar, R., Filippo Taufik, H. and Rahayu, D. S. (2026) “Reformasi Kebijakan Impor Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) di Indonesia melalui Studi Komparatif dengan Singapura”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(2), pp. 1086-1097. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i2.2005.
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Porananond, P. (2018). Competition law in the ASEAN countries: Regional law national systems. Kluwer Law International
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Tyagi, K., Kamperman Sanders, A., & Cauffman, C, (Eds.). (2024). Digital platforms, competition law, and regulation: Comparative perspectives. Hart Publishing
Van den Bossche, P. (2005). The law and policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, cases and materials. Cambridge University Press.
VOI. (2025, September 19). Bahlil affirms purchase of fuel through Pertamina is not one stop import. https://voi.id/en/economy/516254
Watanabe , E., & Shibasaki, R. (2023). Extraction of bunkering services from automatic identification system data and their international comparisons. Sustainability, 15(24), 16711. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1524167111
Yao, A. F., et al. (2024). The effect of LNG bunkering on port competitiveness using multilevel data analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 132, 104240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104240
Zhang, X.B. (2014). Optimal strategic oil stockpiling and import tariffs: The case of China. Energy Economics, 45, 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.08.012
Zweifel, P., Praktiknjo, A., & Erdmann, G. (2017). Energy economics: Theory and applications. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53022-1
Antara News. (2025, September 19). Private oil firms to import extra fuel supplies from Pertamina:Govt.https://en.antaranews.com/news/381017/private-oil-firms-to-import-extra-fuel-supplies-from-pertamina-govt
Aziz, A. (2025, Septa,ber 18). KPPU minta Menteri ESDM evaluasi lagi pembatasan impor bensin non-subsidi. HalloBisnis.https://bisnis.hallo.id/ekonomi/7315939049/kppu-minta-menteri-esdm-evaluasi-lagi-pembatasan-impor-bensin-non-subsidi
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Produksi minyak bumi dan gas alam, 1996-2023. Retrieved December 6, 2025, from https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/MTA5MiMx/produksi-minyak-bumi-dan-gas-alam--1996-2022.html
Butler, C. (2022). Energy poverty, practice, and policy. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99432-7
Butt, S., & Lindsey T. (2018). Indonesian law. Oxford University Press
Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore. Competition act and guidelines. https://www.ccs.gov.sg/anti-competitive-practices/legislation-and-guidelines/competition-act-and-guidelines/
De, A., Choudhary, A., R=Turkay, M., & Tiwari, M. K. (2021). Bunkering policies for a fuel bunker management problem for liner shipping networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 289(3), 927-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.07.044
Dhingra, S., Freeman, R., & Huang, H. (2023). The impact of non-tariff barriers on trade and welfare. Economica, 90, 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12450
Filippini, M., & Srinivasan, S. (2024). An introduction to energy economics and policy. Cambridge University Press
Ginsburg, T., & Chen, A. H. Y. (Eds.). (2009). Administrative law and governance in Asia: Comparative perspective. Routledge
Grübler, J., & Reiter, O. (2021). Characterising non-tariff trade policy. Economic Analysis and Policy, 71, 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.04.007
Hastings. J. S. (2004). Vertical relationships and competition in retail gasoline markets: Empirical evidence from contract changes in Southern California. American Economic Review, 94(1), 317-328
Heffron, R. J. (2021). Energy law: An introduction. Springer
Hirota, K., & Kashima, S. (2020). How are automobile fuel quality standards guaranteed? Evidence drom Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Transport Policy: Transport Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100089
Hydrocarbon Processing. (2025, September 19) Indonesia to let private fuel retailers import gasoline via Pertamina amid shortages https://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/news/2025/09/indonesia-to-let-private-fuel-retailers-import-gasoline-via-pertamina-amid-shortages
Ichsan, M., Lockwood, M., & Ramadhani, M. (2022). National oil companies and fossil duel subsidy regimes in transition: The case of Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society, 11, 101104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101104
INDEF Center FESD. (2025, September). Monthly update: September 2025. https://indef.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/IND-INDEF-Center-FESD_Monthly-Update_September.pdf
Jakarta Daily. (2025, September 26). Indonesia’s Energy Ministry brokers short-term fuel supply deal between Pertamina and private retailers amid shortages. https://www.jakartadaily.id/resources/16215982483/indonesias-energy-ministry-brokers-short-term-fuel-supply-deal-between-pertamina-and-private-retailers-amid-shortages
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2025, September 19). Pengaturan impor BBM jaga keseimbangan neraca perdagangan (Siaran Pers No. 076.Pers/04/SJI/2025). https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/-pengaturan-impor-bbm-jaga-keseimbangan-neraca-perdagangan.
Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha. (2025, September 18). Hasil analisis KPPU atas kebijakan pembatasan impor BBM non-subsidi (Siaran Pers No. 065/KPPU-PR/IX/2025). https://kppu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Siaran-Pers-No.-065_KPPU-PR_IX_2025.pdf
Liu, M. H., Margaritis, D., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Competition and petrol pricing in the smartphone era: Evidence from Singapore. Economic Modelling, 53, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.11.020
Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Bunkering standards. https://www.mpa.gov.sg/port-marine-ops/marine-services/bunkering/bunkering-standards
Mumtaz, U. U., Bergey, P., & Letch, N. (2024). Assessing the role of blockchain technology for marine bunkering operations: A case study of task technology fit. Marine Policy, 159, 105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105909
NDEF-INDEF. (2025, September).Monthly update: September 2025. https://indef.or.id/publikasi/monitoring-issue-of-food-energy-and-sustainable-development-september-2025/
Oliveira, F. S., Zahur, N. B. & Wu, F. (2022). Analysis of the optimal policy for managing strategic petroleum reserves under long-term uncertainty: The ASEAN case. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 170, 108834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108834
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). Regulatory policy and governance: Supporting economic growth and serving the public interest. OECD Publishing
Pedrielli, G., Lee, L. H., & Ng, S. H. (2015). Optimal bunkering contract in a buyer–seller supply chain under price and consumption uncertainty. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 74, 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.02.010
Porananond, P. (2018). Competition law in the ASEAN countries: Regional law national systems. Kluwer Law International
Revesz, R. L., & Livermore, M. A. (2008). Retaking rationality: How cost-benefit analysis can better protect the environment and our health. Oxford University Press.
Singapore Standards Council. (2022). SS 600:2022 code of practice for bunkering
Sumarno, T. B., Sihotang, P., & Prawiraatmadja W. (2022). Exploring Indonesia’s energy policy failures through the JUST framework. Energy Policy, 164, 112914. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.enpol.2022.112914
The Energy Institute (2024). Statistical review of world energy (73rd ed.). Energy Institute
Tyagi, K., Kamperman Sanders, A., & Cauffman, C, (Eds.). (2024). Digital platforms, competition law, and regulation: Comparative perspectives. Hart Publishing
Van den Bossche, P. (2005). The law and policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, cases and materials. Cambridge University Press.
VOI. (2025, September 19). Bahlil affirms purchase of fuel through Pertamina is not one stop import. https://voi.id/en/economy/516254
Watanabe , E., & Shibasaki, R. (2023). Extraction of bunkering services from automatic identification system data and their international comparisons. Sustainability, 15(24), 16711. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1524167111
Yao, A. F., et al. (2024). The effect of LNG bunkering on port competitiveness using multilevel data analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 132, 104240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104240
Zhang, X.B. (2014). Optimal strategic oil stockpiling and import tariffs: The case of China. Energy Economics, 45, 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.08.012
Zweifel, P., Praktiknjo, A., & Erdmann, G. (2017). Energy economics: Theory and applications. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53022-1