Design of a 3.75 kW Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Generator Power Generation System for an Unmanned Offshore Gas Platform
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Published
Aug 19, 2026
Abstract
A reliable power supply system is a fundamental requirement for unmanned offshore gas platforms because instrumentation, control, communication, and safety systems must operate continuously. Most studies on Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Generator (PV–TEG) systems have focused on component optimization or laboratory-scale applications, whereas studies addressing system-level design for industrial applications remain limited. This study aims to design a 3.75 kW PV–TEG hybrid power generation system as a 24 VDC power supply for an unmanned offshore gas platform. An engineering design approach was adopted by determining the capacities of the photovoltaic modules, thermoelectric generator (TEG), battery bank, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and DC–DC converter based on the load demand. The performance of the photovoltaic subsystem was evaluated using PVsyst, while the system power adequacy was evaluated through power balance analysis. The proposed design consists of 32 photovoltaic modules with a total installed capacity of 11.84 kWp, eight MPPT units, and an integrated PV–TEG configuration operating on a 24 VDC distribution system. Simulation results for the photovoltaic subsystem indicate an annual energy production of 16,220 kWh, a Performance Ratio of 77.19%, and a solar fraction of 98.70%. This study presents a system-level PV–TEG hybrid design that can serve as a basis for the development of highly reliable power supply systems for unmanned offshore gas platforms.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Hak Cipta :
Penulis yang mempublikasikan manuskripnya di jurnal ini menyetujui ketentuan berikut:
- Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis.
- Penulis mengakui bahwa Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development berhak menjadi yang pertama menerbitkan dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (Attribution 4.0 International CC BY 4.0) .
- Penulis dapat mengirimkan artikel secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-eksklusif manuskrip yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal ini ke versi lain (misalnya, dikirim ke repositori institusi penulis, publikasi ke dalam buku, dll.), dengan mengakui bahwa manuskrip telah diterbitkan pertama kali di Ranah Research.
How to Cite
Tanadi, H. and Alva, S. (2026) “Design of a 3.75 kW Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Generator Power Generation System for an Unmanned Offshore Gas Platform”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(5), pp. 3131-3142. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i5.2261.
References
Adam, A. M., Adam, Ş., & Petrescu, I. M. (2013). An insight in the thermoelectric devices and applications based on the seebeck and peltier effects. Metalurgia International, 18(SPEC.1), 77–80.
Al-Ali, S., Olabi, A. G., & Mahmoud, M. (2025). A review of solar photovoltaic technologies: developments, challenges, and future perspectives. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 27, 101057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101057
Aljibory, M. W., Hashim, H. T., & Abbas, W. N. (2021). A Review of Solar Energy Harvesting Utilising a Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Integrated Hybrid System. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067(1), 012115. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012115
Al-Sefri, A. K., & Al-Shaalan, A. M. (2019). Availability, Performance and Reliability Evaluation for PV Distributed Generation. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 07(03), 429–454. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2019.73032
ANSI/ISA–50.00.01. (2002). Compatibility of Analog Signals for Electronic Industrial Process Instruments.
Babu, C., & Ponnambalam, P. (2018). The theoretical performance evaluation of hybrid PV-TEG system. Energy Conversion and Management, 173, 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.104
Baqir, M., & Channi, H. K. (2022). Analysis and design of solar PV system using PVsyst software. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1332–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.029
Čović, N., Pavić, I., & Pandžić, H. (2024). Multi-energy balancing services provision from a hybrid power plant: PV, battery, and hydrogen technologies. Applied Energy, 374, 123966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123966
Da Lio, L., & Lazzaretto, A. (2022). Remote Power Generation for Applications to Natural Gas Grid: A Comprehensive Market Review of Techno-Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance. Energies, 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145065
Duffie, J. A. ., & Beckman, W. A. . (2013). Solar engineering of thermal processes. Wiley.
Ejaz, M. (2022). Optimal Control of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermometric Generator System Using GEPSO. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 10(03), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2022.103001
Ekici, S., & Kopru, A. (2017). Investigation of PV System Cable Losses. In INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH S.Ekici and M.A.Kopru (Vol. 7, Number 2).
Fonseca, F. W. S., Vieira, R. G., & Guerra, M. I. S. (2025). An Investigation into Photovoltaic System Performance Ratio Installed in a Semi-Arid Region. IEEE Access, 13, 167837–167847. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3613462
Global Power Technologies. (n.d.-a). 1500 Thermoelectric Generator: Operating Manual. https://www.globalte.com/hubfs/Documents/Manuals/26859_1500_Manual.pdf?hsLang=en
Global Power Technologies. (n.d.-b). Model 1500 Specification Sheet. https://www.globalte.com/hubfs/Documents/Spec%20and%20Data%20Sheets/Model_1500_Specification_Sheet_67205.pdf?hsLang=en
Global Solar Atlas. (2026, June 10). The World Bank Group, ESMAP, and Solargis. https://globalsolaratlas.info
Huang, X., Wang, H., Han, H., Guo, T., Niu, H., Zhu, Y., He, F., & Yang, H. (2026). Measurement reproducibility of STC-corrected maximum power of photovoltaic modules under dynamic outdoor conditions: definition, calculation, and application in power degradation evaluation. Renewable Energy, 269, 125870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125870
IEC 61131-2. (2017). Industrial-process measurement and control : programmable controllers. Part 2, Equipment requirements and tests . International Electrotechnical Commission.
Kar, M. K., & Patra, B. N. (2021). Design and Analysis of MPPT Charge Controller. 2021 International Conference on Simulation, Automation & Smart Manufacturing (SASM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/SASM51857.2021.9841218
Li, X., Liu, Q., Ma, Y., Wu, G., Yang, Z., & Fu, Q. (2024). Simulation Study on the Combustion and Emissions of a Diesel Engine with Different Oxygenated Blended Fuels. Sustainability, 16(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020631
Linden, David., & Reddy, T. B. . (2002). Handbook of batteries. McGraw-Hill.
Mermoud André, & Villoz Michel. (2026). PVSyst Photovoltaic Software, Version 8.0. PVSyst SA.
Montero, F. J., Vásquez Carrera, P. J., Hidalgo Osorio, W. A., Acebo Arcentales, A. S., Calvopiña, H., & Baba, Y. F. (2025). Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric System with Passive Thermal Management. Energies, 18(8), 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081900
Peng, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, J., Li, Y., & Feng, H. (2024). Research on performance ratio composition and standard energy efficiency ratio correction method of photovoltaic power station. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2703(1), 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2703/1/012049
Pharos Marine. (n.d.). Solar Panel Zone 1 & 2 Datasheet.
Pop, V., Bergvel, H. J., Danilov, D., Regtien, P. P. L., & Nottern, P. H. L. (2008). Battery Management Systems (Vol. 9). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6945-1
Qasim, M. A., Velkin, V. I., & Shcheklein, S. E. (2023). Experimental study on hybridization of a PV–TEG system for electrical performance enhancement using heat exchangers, energy, exergy and economic levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis. Clean Energy, 7(4), 808–823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad023
Sahari, N., Ngadiron, Z., Azman, Z., Mustapha, N. B., & Ismail, N. (2022). Development of Hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator for Energy Harvesting. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 70(8), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I8P230
Saleh, U. A., Johar, M. A., Jumaat, S. A. B., Rejab, M. N., & Wan Jamaludin, W. A. (2021). Evaluation of a PV-TEG Hybrid System Configuration for an Improved Energy Output: A Review. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(2), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33917
Sekar, R., Vanitha, K. M., Samuvel, D. J., Zurek-Morka, M., & Sathiyanarayanan, M. (2026). A Multi-Source DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications with Enhanced Load Transient Suppression. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8808087/v1
Selimefendigil, F., Okulu, D., & Öztop, H. F. (2023). Photovoltaic Thermal Management by Combined Utilization of Thermoelectric Generator and Power-Law-Nanofluid-Assisted Cooling Channel. Sustainability, 15(6), 5424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065424
Shaukat, H., Ali, A., Ali, S., Altabey, W. A., Noori, M., & Kouritem, S. A. (2023). Applications of Sustainable Hybrid Energy Harvesting: A Review. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications, 13(4), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea13040062
U. A, S., & Jumaat, S. A. (2022). The Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Generator Configurations for Energy Performance Improvement. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2022.14.03.001
Wang, C., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Song, L., & Liu, B. (2025). Comprehensive optimization of photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid systems: Experimental analysis of cooling methods, photovoltaic strategies, and their synergistic effects. Solar Energy, 298, 113667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2025.113667
Wurster, T. S., & Schubert, M. B. (2014). Mismatch loss in photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy, 105, 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.04.014
Y G, K., Y A, R., & B, S. (2022). Thermoelectric Generators and the Seebeck Effect. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 16(3), 1448–1455. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1409
Yang, B., Xie, R., Duan, J., & Wang, J. (2023). State-of-the-art review of MPPT techniques for hybrid PV-TEG systems: Modeling, methodologies, and perspectives. Global Energy Interconnection, 6(5), 567–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloei.2023.10.005
Zaidi, B. (2018). Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Photovoltaic Effect. In Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74389
Zamanipour, Z., Thallapelly, S. K., & Sanjari Pirmahalleh, S. M. (2024). Advances in the performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric generators: a review. Future Technology, 3(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.3.4.1
Al-Ali, S., Olabi, A. G., & Mahmoud, M. (2025). A review of solar photovoltaic technologies: developments, challenges, and future perspectives. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 27, 101057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101057
Aljibory, M. W., Hashim, H. T., & Abbas, W. N. (2021). A Review of Solar Energy Harvesting Utilising a Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Integrated Hybrid System. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067(1), 012115. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012115
Al-Sefri, A. K., & Al-Shaalan, A. M. (2019). Availability, Performance and Reliability Evaluation for PV Distributed Generation. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 07(03), 429–454. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2019.73032
ANSI/ISA–50.00.01. (2002). Compatibility of Analog Signals for Electronic Industrial Process Instruments.
Babu, C., & Ponnambalam, P. (2018). The theoretical performance evaluation of hybrid PV-TEG system. Energy Conversion and Management, 173, 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.104
Baqir, M., & Channi, H. K. (2022). Analysis and design of solar PV system using PVsyst software. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1332–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.029
Čović, N., Pavić, I., & Pandžić, H. (2024). Multi-energy balancing services provision from a hybrid power plant: PV, battery, and hydrogen technologies. Applied Energy, 374, 123966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123966
Da Lio, L., & Lazzaretto, A. (2022). Remote Power Generation for Applications to Natural Gas Grid: A Comprehensive Market Review of Techno-Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance. Energies, 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145065
Duffie, J. A. ., & Beckman, W. A. . (2013). Solar engineering of thermal processes. Wiley.
Ejaz, M. (2022). Optimal Control of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermometric Generator System Using GEPSO. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 10(03), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2022.103001
Ekici, S., & Kopru, A. (2017). Investigation of PV System Cable Losses. In INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH S.Ekici and M.A.Kopru (Vol. 7, Number 2).
Fonseca, F. W. S., Vieira, R. G., & Guerra, M. I. S. (2025). An Investigation into Photovoltaic System Performance Ratio Installed in a Semi-Arid Region. IEEE Access, 13, 167837–167847. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3613462
Global Power Technologies. (n.d.-a). 1500 Thermoelectric Generator: Operating Manual. https://www.globalte.com/hubfs/Documents/Manuals/26859_1500_Manual.pdf?hsLang=en
Global Power Technologies. (n.d.-b). Model 1500 Specification Sheet. https://www.globalte.com/hubfs/Documents/Spec%20and%20Data%20Sheets/Model_1500_Specification_Sheet_67205.pdf?hsLang=en
Global Solar Atlas. (2026, June 10). The World Bank Group, ESMAP, and Solargis. https://globalsolaratlas.info
Huang, X., Wang, H., Han, H., Guo, T., Niu, H., Zhu, Y., He, F., & Yang, H. (2026). Measurement reproducibility of STC-corrected maximum power of photovoltaic modules under dynamic outdoor conditions: definition, calculation, and application in power degradation evaluation. Renewable Energy, 269, 125870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125870
IEC 61131-2. (2017). Industrial-process measurement and control : programmable controllers. Part 2, Equipment requirements and tests . International Electrotechnical Commission.
Kar, M. K., & Patra, B. N. (2021). Design and Analysis of MPPT Charge Controller. 2021 International Conference on Simulation, Automation & Smart Manufacturing (SASM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/SASM51857.2021.9841218
Li, X., Liu, Q., Ma, Y., Wu, G., Yang, Z., & Fu, Q. (2024). Simulation Study on the Combustion and Emissions of a Diesel Engine with Different Oxygenated Blended Fuels. Sustainability, 16(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020631
Linden, David., & Reddy, T. B. . (2002). Handbook of batteries. McGraw-Hill.
Mermoud André, & Villoz Michel. (2026). PVSyst Photovoltaic Software, Version 8.0. PVSyst SA.
Montero, F. J., Vásquez Carrera, P. J., Hidalgo Osorio, W. A., Acebo Arcentales, A. S., Calvopiña, H., & Baba, Y. F. (2025). Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric System with Passive Thermal Management. Energies, 18(8), 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081900
Peng, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, J., Li, Y., & Feng, H. (2024). Research on performance ratio composition and standard energy efficiency ratio correction method of photovoltaic power station. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2703(1), 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2703/1/012049
Pharos Marine. (n.d.). Solar Panel Zone 1 & 2 Datasheet.
Pop, V., Bergvel, H. J., Danilov, D., Regtien, P. P. L., & Nottern, P. H. L. (2008). Battery Management Systems (Vol. 9). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6945-1
Qasim, M. A., Velkin, V. I., & Shcheklein, S. E. (2023). Experimental study on hybridization of a PV–TEG system for electrical performance enhancement using heat exchangers, energy, exergy and economic levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis. Clean Energy, 7(4), 808–823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad023
Sahari, N., Ngadiron, Z., Azman, Z., Mustapha, N. B., & Ismail, N. (2022). Development of Hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator for Energy Harvesting. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 70(8), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I8P230
Saleh, U. A., Johar, M. A., Jumaat, S. A. B., Rejab, M. N., & Wan Jamaludin, W. A. (2021). Evaluation of a PV-TEG Hybrid System Configuration for an Improved Energy Output: A Review. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(2), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33917
Sekar, R., Vanitha, K. M., Samuvel, D. J., Zurek-Morka, M., & Sathiyanarayanan, M. (2026). A Multi-Source DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications with Enhanced Load Transient Suppression. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8808087/v1
Selimefendigil, F., Okulu, D., & Öztop, H. F. (2023). Photovoltaic Thermal Management by Combined Utilization of Thermoelectric Generator and Power-Law-Nanofluid-Assisted Cooling Channel. Sustainability, 15(6), 5424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065424
Shaukat, H., Ali, A., Ali, S., Altabey, W. A., Noori, M., & Kouritem, S. A. (2023). Applications of Sustainable Hybrid Energy Harvesting: A Review. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications, 13(4), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea13040062
U. A, S., & Jumaat, S. A. (2022). The Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Generator Configurations for Energy Performance Improvement. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2022.14.03.001
Wang, C., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Song, L., & Liu, B. (2025). Comprehensive optimization of photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid systems: Experimental analysis of cooling methods, photovoltaic strategies, and their synergistic effects. Solar Energy, 298, 113667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2025.113667
Wurster, T. S., & Schubert, M. B. (2014). Mismatch loss in photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy, 105, 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.04.014
Y G, K., Y A, R., & B, S. (2022). Thermoelectric Generators and the Seebeck Effect. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 16(3), 1448–1455. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1409
Yang, B., Xie, R., Duan, J., & Wang, J. (2023). State-of-the-art review of MPPT techniques for hybrid PV-TEG systems: Modeling, methodologies, and perspectives. Global Energy Interconnection, 6(5), 567–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloei.2023.10.005
Zaidi, B. (2018). Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Photovoltaic Effect. In Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74389
Zamanipour, Z., Thallapelly, S. K., & Sanjari Pirmahalleh, S. M. (2024). Advances in the performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric generators: a review. Future Technology, 3(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.3.4.1