Prediction of Specific Capacitance and Equivalent Series Resistance of Activated Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
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Published
Aug 21, 2026
Abstract
Supercapacitors are attracting growing interest as energy storage devices owing to their high power density and long cycle life. Their performance depends strongly on the electrode material, particularly activated carbon with its complex pore architecture. The relationship between characterization parameters and both specific capacitance (Cs) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) is non-linear and difficult to model conventionally. This study develops a predictive model based on an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) using secondary data from forty samples reported in international scientific literature. Input variables comprise specific surface area (SBET), pore volume (Vp), pore diameter (Dp), crystallite size, diffraction angle, and surface functional groups, with the dataset partitioned at a ratio of 80:20 for training and testing. Evaluation demonstrates that ANFIS attains a coefficient of determination of 0.9851 for Cs and 0.9901 for ESR, surpassing Random Forest across every metric. ANFIS yields RMSE = 8.8 F/g and MAE = 4.5 F/g for Cs, and RMSE = 0.08 Ω and MAE = 0.04 Ω for ESR. Surface plot analysis reveals a synergistic interaction between SBET and Vp on Cs and the effect of crystal structure on ESR. The model captures complex relationships accurately while remaining interpretable through membership functions and fuzzy rules.
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How to Cite
mulyati, mulyati and Hakim, G. P. N. (2026) “Prediction of Specific Capacitance and Equivalent Series Resistance of Activated Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(5), pp. 3193-3203. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i5.2281.
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Xiong, C., Li, B., Lin, X., Liu, H., Xu, Y., Mao, J., Duan, C., Li, T., & Ni, Y. (2019). The recent progress on three-dimensional porous graphene-based hybrid structure for supercapacitor. Composites Part B: Engineering, 165, 10–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.085
Zahra, T., Idris, A. M., Kumar, A., & Farid, H. M. T. (2024). Fabrication of high-performance of cost effective AgNbO3/rGO nanohybrid via hydrothermal route for supercapacitor applications. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 170, 113215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113215
Zhu, H., Zhu, L., Sun, Z., & Khan, A. (2021). Machine learning based simulation of an anti-cancer drug (busulfan) solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide: ANFIS model and experimental validation. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 338, 116731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116731
And, M. J. R. (2018). Fabrication and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Charcoal Coconut Shell Minahasa, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
Boorboor Ajdari, F., Kowsari, E., Niknam Shahrak, M., Ehsani, A., Kiaei, Z., Torkzaban, H., Ershadi, M., Kholghi Eshkalak, S., Haddadi-Asl, V., Chinnappan, A., & Ramakrishna, S. (2020). A review on the field patents and recent developments over the application of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in supercapacitors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 422, 213441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213441
Chebaane, S., Davoodabadi, S., Salem, T., Kolsi, L., Karimipour, A., & Aich, W. (2025). Case Studies in Thermal Engineering ANFIS approach and thermal performance of solar air heaters integrated with phase change materials and porous foam gradient under mechanical vibrations. 72(April).
Cuéllar. (2024). Chemical synthesis and electrochemical performance of Hausmannite Mn3O4/rGO composites for supercapacitor applications.
Dong, Y., Liu, Y., Mao, F., & Wu, H. (2025). Energy storage in supercapacitor researches: Interdisciplinary applications from molecular simulations to machine learning. Applied Energy, 393, 126074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126074
Engineering, C. (2020). from coconut shell charcoals for supercapacitors Preparation of porous graphene-like material from coconut shell charcoals for supercapacitors. 1916. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1748962
Imtiaz, M., Alyousef, H. A., Alotaibi, B. M., Alrowaily, A. W., Alotiby, M. F., Farid, H. M. T., Al-Sehemi, A. G., & Hanaesh, A. M. A. (2024). Fabrication of cerium vanadate-embedded on carbon based graphene material (rGO) with significant performance for supercapacitor electrode. Journal of Energy Storage, 101, 113987. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113987
Jadhav, V., & Glynn, C. (2025). Electrochemistry Communications Porous carbon nanotube electrodes in 3D printed symmetric supercapacitors with stable electrochemical response. 177(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2025.107988
Kocyigit, N., Dinc, S., Yagci, O., & Busra, S. (2025). ZnO-NF / Graphene / Nafion as electrode platform for some pharmaceutical active ingredients sensor and energy storage applications. Synthetic Metals, 311(June 2024), 117795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117795
Li, Y., He, G., Huang, Z., HuangFu, H., Li, Z., Qiao, Y., & Shi, Z. (2024). High-performance NF-loaded F-NiFe-LDH/rGO nanoflower/nanosheet composite electrode material achieving enhanced specific capacitance and energy density for supercapacitor. Journal of Energy Storage, 101, 113954.
Pedro. (2023). Best practices for electrochemical characterization of supercapacitors. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 80, 265–283.
Sasikumar, P., Karthikeyan, S., Arumugam, J., Devanesan, S., AlSalhi, M. S., Bencherif, H., & Krishnan, S. (2024). A facile one-step route to synthesize of novel porous reduced graphene oxide@nickel sulfide (rGO@Ni3S2) core shell nanostructures for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Diamond and Related Materials, 149, 111614. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111614
Subramaniam, T., Ansari, M. N. M., Krishnan, S. G., & Khalid, M. (2024). Kenaf-based activated carbon: A sustainable solution for high-performance aqueous symmetric supercapacitors. Chemosphere, 354, 141593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141593
Sujiono, E. H., Zabrian, D., Zharvan, V., & Humairah, N. A. (2022). Results in Chemistry Fabrication and characterization of coconut shell activated carbon using variation chemical activation for wastewater treatment application. Results in Chemistry, 4(November 2021), 100291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100291
Supercapacitors, S., Lee, K., Shyan, M., Lim, W., Hong, Z., Chong, S., Tiong, T. J., Pan, G., & Huang, C. (2021). Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Performance.
Tetra, O. N., Aziz, H., Syukri, S., Arifin, B., & Novia, A. (2018). Pengaruh Penambahan Karbon Aktif dari Tanah Gambut terhadap Kapasitansi Elektroda Superkapasitor Berbahan Dasar Karbon Aktif Cangkang Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Zarah, 6(2), 47–52.
Xiong, C., Li, B., Lin, X., Liu, H., Xu, Y., Mao, J., Duan, C., Li, T., & Ni, Y. (2019). The recent progress on three-dimensional porous graphene-based hybrid structure for supercapacitor. Composites Part B: Engineering, 165, 10–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.085
Zahra, T., Idris, A. M., Kumar, A., & Farid, H. M. T. (2024). Fabrication of high-performance of cost effective AgNbO3/rGO nanohybrid via hydrothermal route for supercapacitor applications. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 170, 113215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113215
Zhu, H., Zhu, L., Sun, Z., & Khan, A. (2021). Machine learning based simulation of an anti-cancer drug (busulfan) solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide: ANFIS model and experimental validation. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 338, 116731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116731