Segment-Based DWDM Lightpath Monitoring Using an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System and Temporal Stabilization
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Published
Sep 19, 2026
Abstract
Optical protection switching on dynamic IS-IS and MPLS backbones can trigger adjacency resets, producing false positives and alarm flapping. This study designs a DWDM lightpath monitoring system using an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (IT2FLS) as the alarm classifier, combined with a temporal stabilizer of debounce N=3 and hold-down H=3 to suppress false alarms. Data were collected through ICMP active probing from Customer Edge devices with strict path locking, yielding 736,764 samples from 34 lightpaths over 144 hours. The stabilizer reduced total alarm events from 6,333 to 2,313 (down 63.5%) and the false positive rate from 13.33 to 5.08 per hour (down 61.9%), with recall remaining high at 0.921 despite a decrease from 0.986 under raw conditions. The stabilizer effect was significant and consistent across the 34 segments (Wilcoxon signed-rank, p < 10⁻⁶). The system is proven to suppress false alarms without changing the total reported fault duration.
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How to Cite
Wahyudi, R. and Adriansyah, A. (2026) “Segment-Based DWDM Lightpath Monitoring Using an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System and Temporal Stabilization”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2335-2348. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2301.
References
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Chen, Y., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2022). Segment-based performance monitoring and fault localization in software-defined optical networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 14(8), 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.458921
Cruzes, S. (2024). Failure Management Overview in Optical Networks. IEEE Access, 12, 169170–169193. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3498704
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Kh Altmemi, D., Adil Abdulzahra, A., & Alshawi, I. S. (2022). A New Approach Based on an Intelligent Method to Classify Quality of Service. https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v46i9.4323
Kim, H. (2024). Optimal Path Calculation for Multi-ring Based Packet-Optical Transport Networks. Journal of Web Engineering, 23(6), 801–812. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2364
Klinkowski, M. (2024). Dedicated Path Protection with Flexible Switching Selection in Passive Optical 5G Xhaul Access Networks Photonics, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100908
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Li, X., Lou, S., Gao, W., Guo, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). Disturbance event identification and localization based on temporal convolutional network (TCN) and sliding window algorithm. Proceedings of SPIE, 13654, Article 136540N. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3059143
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Mendel, J. M. (2024). Explainable Uncertain Rule-Based Fuzzy Systems (3rd Edition). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35378-9
Miranda, G., MacEdo, D. F., & Marquez-Barja, J. M. (2022). Estimating Video on Demand QoE From Network QoS Through ICMP Probes. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 19(2), 1890–1902. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3129610
Rainio, O., Teuho, J., & Klén, R. (2024). Evaluation metrics and statistical tests for machine learning. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6086. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56706-x
Reyes, R. R., Esati, S., & Bauschert, T. (2021). Traffic Protection in Multilayer Core Networks by Optimum Thinning of MPLS Tunnel Capacities. 2021 International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.23919/ONDM51796.2021.9492463
Rodríguez-Ramos, A., da Silva Neto, A. J., & Llanes-Santiago, O. (2024). An improved fault diagnosis scheme based on a type-2 fuzzy classification algorithms. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 95–108). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49552-6_8
Şahin, İ., & Ulu, C. (2023). Altitude control of a quadcopter using interval type-2 fuzzy controller with dynamic footprint of uncertainty. ISA Transactions, 134, 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISATRA.2022.08.020
Shukla, P., Majhi, G., & Kumar, Y. (2024). Proactive fault localization and alarm correlation in DWDM networks. Asian Journal for Convergence in Technology (AJCT), 10(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.33130/AJCT.2024v10i01.003
Sica, M., Patri, S., Safari, P., Rai, V., John, J., Shariati, B., Fischer, J. K., & Freund, R. (2026). Detection, identification, and localization of faults in PONs using joint OLT and OTDR telemetry data. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 18(9), D44–D55. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.587134
Simanjuntak, I. U. V, Larasati, S., Rahmawati, Y., & Santika, D. A. (2022). Modernization of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Route Surabaya-Bangil to Increase Optical Network Capacity. ELKHA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro, 14(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v14i2.56003
Tan, Y., Yuan, X., Li, X., et al. (2026). Fault detection filter design for IT2 fuzzy systems with DE-WTOD protocols. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 24, 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-026-00044-3
Wang, D., Zhang, C., Chen, W., Yang, H., Zhang, M., & Lau, A. P. T. (2022). A Review of Machine Learning-based Failure Management in Optical Networks. http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.10677
Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Li, J., Pang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2024). AlarmGPT: An intelligent alarm analyzer for optical networks using a generative pre-trained transformer. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 16(6), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.521913
Wu, D., & Mendel, J. (2019). Recommendations on Designing Practical Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Systems. http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01697
Wu, Z., Li, X., & Ma, S. (2026). Protocol-based fault detection for interval type-2 fuzzy systems under resilient memory event-triggered mechanism against DoS attacks. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. https://doi.org/10.1177/01423312261418073
Xie, C., & Zhang, B. (2022). Scaling Optical Interconnects for Hyperscale Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 110(11), 1699–1713. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2022.3178977
Xing, C., Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Fan, Y., Jiang, X., Bi, Z., Xiong, J., & Wang, D. (2025). Alarm priority sorting with multimodal data fusion in optical networks. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2025
Zhao, Y., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, D., Liu, S., Cao, S., Feng, H., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2024). Multi-layer resource scheduling architecture and algorithm for a service-oriented optical network based on a fine grain OTN. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 16(10), F13–F25. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.527736
Zhou, L., Zhang, M., & Liu, Q. (2023). Quality of transmission-aware routing and monitoring strategies in dynamic DWDM networks. Optical Fiber Technology, 75, Article 103198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103198
Almeida, R. P., Ferreira, J. C., & Mendes, L. S. (2021). Fuzzy logic approaches for quality of transmission estimation in elastic optical networks. Optical Switching and Networking, 42, Article 100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2021.100634
Amjad, M. J., Diot, C., Konomis, D., Kveton, B., Soule, A., & Yang, X. (2021). Optimal Probing with Statistical Guarantees for Network Monitoring at Scale. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2109.07743
Andrade, J. R., Rocha, C., Silva, R., Viana, J. P., Bessa, R. J., Gouveia, C., Almeida, B., Santos, R. J., Louro, M., Santos, P. M., & Ribeiro, A. F. (2022). Data-Driven Anomaly Detection and Event Log Profiling of SCADA Alarms. IEEE Access, 10, 73758–73773. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3190398
Chakraborty, S., et al. (2024). An effective metaheuristic based optimized type-II fuzzy inference system for fault node identification in wireless sensor network. International Journal of Communication Systems, 37(16), e5885. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5885
Chen, X., Liu, C. Y., Proietti, R., Li, Z., & Yoo, S. J. B. (2022). Automating Optical Network Fault Management with Machine Learning. IEEE Communications Magazine, 60(12), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.003.2200110
Chen, Y., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2022). Segment-based performance monitoring and fault localization in software-defined optical networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 14(8), 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.458921
Cruzes, S. (2024). Failure Management Overview in Optical Networks. IEEE Access, 12, 169170–169193. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3498704
Edozie, E., Shuaibu, A. N., Sadiq, B. O., & John, U. K. (2025). Artificial intelligence advances in anomaly detection for telecom networks. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(4), 100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11108-x
Farheen, & Kumar, R. (2025). Sliding window-based anomaly detection. Procedia Computer Science, 258, 2520–2529.
Figueroa-García, J. C., Ramos-Cuesta, J. S., & Hernández-Pérez, G. J. (2023). On the Variance of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 31(7), 2320–2330. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2022.3223761
Gu, J., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Liu, P., Wang, J., Chen, M., Hu, X., Bian, Q., & Meng, Z. (2025). False alarm suppression for a distributed acoustic sensing system utilizing polarization-time division hybrid multiplexing. Optics Communications, 592, Article 132224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2025.132224
IEEE. (2016). IEEE Standard for Fuzzy Markup Language. In IEEE Std 1855-2016 (pp. 1–89). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7479441
Joshi, R., & Garg, P. (2022). Assessing brand love, brand sacredness and brand fidelity toward halal brands. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(4), 807–823. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2020-0104
Kh Altmemi, D., Adil Abdulzahra, A., & Alshawi, I. S. (2022). A New Approach Based on an Intelligent Method to Classify Quality of Service. https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v46i9.4323
Kim, H. (2024). Optimal Path Calculation for Multi-ring Based Packet-Optical Transport Networks. Journal of Web Engineering, 23(6), 801–812. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2364
Klinkowski, M. (2024). Dedicated Path Protection with Flexible Switching Selection in Passive Optical 5G Xhaul Access Networks Photonics, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100908
Kumar, A., & Singh, R. (2024). Active probing techniques for lightpath quality assessment in DWDM transport networks. IEEE Access, 12, 14567–14582. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3356789 (
Li, H., et al. (2024). Small sample fiber full state diagnosis based on fuzzy clustering and improved ResNet network. IET Signal Processing, 2024, Article 5512014. https://doi.org/10.1049/2024/5512014
Li, M., Yang, M., & Chen, P. (2023). Alarm reduction and root cause inference based on association mining in communication network. Frontiers in Computer Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1211739
Li, X., Lou, S., Gao, W., Guo, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). Disturbance event identification and localization based on temporal convolutional network (TCN) and sliding window algorithm. Proceedings of SPIE, 13654, Article 136540N. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3059143
Manias, D. M., Javadtalab, A., Naoum-Sawaya, J., & Shami, A. (2023). The Role of Optical Transport Networks in 6G and Beyond: A Vision and Call to Action. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan12030043
Mayr, C., Risso, C., & Grampín, E. (2021). Crafting optimal and resilient iBGP-IP/MPLS overlays for transit backbone networks. Optical Switching and Networking, 42, 100635. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OSN.2021.100635
Mendel, J. M. (2024). Explainable Uncertain Rule-Based Fuzzy Systems (3rd Edition). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35378-9
Miranda, G., MacEdo, D. F., & Marquez-Barja, J. M. (2022). Estimating Video on Demand QoE From Network QoS Through ICMP Probes. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 19(2), 1890–1902. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3129610
Rainio, O., Teuho, J., & Klén, R. (2024). Evaluation metrics and statistical tests for machine learning. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6086. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56706-x
Reyes, R. R., Esati, S., & Bauschert, T. (2021). Traffic Protection in Multilayer Core Networks by Optimum Thinning of MPLS Tunnel Capacities. 2021 International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.23919/ONDM51796.2021.9492463
Rodríguez-Ramos, A., da Silva Neto, A. J., & Llanes-Santiago, O. (2024). An improved fault diagnosis scheme based on a type-2 fuzzy classification algorithms. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 95–108). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49552-6_8
Şahin, İ., & Ulu, C. (2023). Altitude control of a quadcopter using interval type-2 fuzzy controller with dynamic footprint of uncertainty. ISA Transactions, 134, 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISATRA.2022.08.020
Shukla, P., Majhi, G., & Kumar, Y. (2024). Proactive fault localization and alarm correlation in DWDM networks. Asian Journal for Convergence in Technology (AJCT), 10(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.33130/AJCT.2024v10i01.003
Sica, M., Patri, S., Safari, P., Rai, V., John, J., Shariati, B., Fischer, J. K., & Freund, R. (2026). Detection, identification, and localization of faults in PONs using joint OLT and OTDR telemetry data. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 18(9), D44–D55. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.587134
Simanjuntak, I. U. V, Larasati, S., Rahmawati, Y., & Santika, D. A. (2022). Modernization of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Route Surabaya-Bangil to Increase Optical Network Capacity. ELKHA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro, 14(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v14i2.56003
Tan, Y., Yuan, X., Li, X., et al. (2026). Fault detection filter design for IT2 fuzzy systems with DE-WTOD protocols. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 24, 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-026-00044-3
Wang, D., Zhang, C., Chen, W., Yang, H., Zhang, M., & Lau, A. P. T. (2022). A Review of Machine Learning-based Failure Management in Optical Networks. http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.10677
Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Li, J., Pang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2024). AlarmGPT: An intelligent alarm analyzer for optical networks using a generative pre-trained transformer. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 16(6), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.521913
Wu, D., & Mendel, J. (2019). Recommendations on Designing Practical Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Systems. http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01697
Wu, Z., Li, X., & Ma, S. (2026). Protocol-based fault detection for interval type-2 fuzzy systems under resilient memory event-triggered mechanism against DoS attacks. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. https://doi.org/10.1177/01423312261418073
Xie, C., & Zhang, B. (2022). Scaling Optical Interconnects for Hyperscale Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 110(11), 1699–1713. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2022.3178977
Xing, C., Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Fan, Y., Jiang, X., Bi, Z., Xiong, J., & Wang, D. (2025). Alarm priority sorting with multimodal data fusion in optical networks. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2025
Zhao, Y., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, D., Liu, S., Cao, S., Feng, H., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2024). Multi-layer resource scheduling architecture and algorithm for a service-oriented optical network based on a fine grain OTN. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 16(10), F13–F25. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.527736
Zhou, L., Zhang, M., & Liu, Q. (2023). Quality of transmission-aware routing and monitoring strategies in dynamic DWDM networks. Optical Fiber Technology, 75, Article 103198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103198