Variasi Fenotipik dan Keberulangan Sifat Semen pada Sapi Pejantan Limousin dan Simmental Terkait Umur, Musim, dan Frekuensi Ejakulasi
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Published
Oct 26, 2026
Abstract
Artificial insemination programmes depend on high-quality semen from superior bulls, yet integrated analyses that jointly consider age, season, and ejaculation frequency and relate them to trait repeatability remain scarce for Limousin and Simmental bulls under tropical conditions. This study analysed phenotypic variation and repeatability of semen traits and the effects of these factors. Secondary fresh-semen records of four bulls (two Limousin, two Simmental) from the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre, Indonesia, 2021–2024 (1,456 ejaculate records) were analysed for semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm concentration, abnormality, and motility. Breed, age group, season, ejaculation frequency, and their interactions with breed were tested using a factorial linear mixed model with bull as a random effect, and repeatability was estimated as the intraclass correlation before and after adjustment. Age significantly affected volume, concentration, total concentration, and motility; season affected concentration, total concentration, and abnormality; ejaculation frequency had no significant main effect. Repeatability was moderate to high for sperm concentration (0.41 adjusted) but low for other traits. Limousin bulls produced higher volume, whereas Simmental bulls showed superior sperm quality. The novelty lies in integrating these factors with repeatability estimation, identifying sperm concentration as the most repeatable indicator for bull evaluation in tropical AI centres.
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How to Cite
Maryati, H. S., Mudawamah, M. and Sumartono, S. (2026) “Variasi Fenotipik dan Keberulangan Sifat Semen pada Sapi Pejantan Limousin dan Simmental Terkait Umur, Musim, dan Frekuensi Ejakulasi”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2712-2722. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2329.
References
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Aisah, S., Isnaini, N., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2017). Kualitas semen segar dan recovery rate sapi Bali pada musim yang berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 27(1), 63–79.
Balić, I. M., Milinković-Tur, S., Samardžija, M., & Vince, S. (2012). Effect of age and environmental factors on semen quality, glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidative parameters in Simmental bulls. Theriogenology, 78(2), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.022
Bebas, W., Gorda, I. W., & Dada, K. A. (2021). Pengaruh musim hujan dan kemarau terhadap kualitas semen sapi Bali di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 13(1), 105–112.
Boujenane, I., & Boussaq, K. (2013). Environmental effects and repeatability estimates for sperm production and semen quality of Holstein bulls. Archiv Tierzucht, 56(1), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-098
BPS. (2024). Impor daging sejenis lembu menurut negara asal utama, 2018–2023. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/MjAxMSMx/impor-daging-sejenis-lembu-menurut-negara-asal-utama--2018-2023.html
Brito, L. F., Silva, A. E., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, L. A., & Kastelic, J. P. (2002). Effects of age and genetic group on characteristics of the scrotum, testes and testicular vascular cones, and on sperm production and semen quality in AI bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology, 58(6), 1175–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00921-4
Dalton, D. C. (1980). An introduction to practical animal breeding. Granada Publishing.
Dewi, A. S., Ondho, Y. S., & Kurnianto, E. (2012). Kualitas semen berdasarkan umur pada sapi jantan Jawa. Animal Agriculture Journal, 1(2), 126–133.
Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2017). An applied guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fuerst-Waltl, B., Schwarzenbacher, H., Perner, C., & Sölkner, J. (2006). Effects of age and environmental factors on semen production and semen quality of Austrian Simmental bulls. Animal Reproduction Science, 95(1–2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.09.002
Hapsari, F. R., Samsudewa, D., Setiatin, E. T., Ondho, Y. S., Setiaji, A., Harsi, T., Irfan, I. Z., Syamsono, O., & Sukmawati, E. (2022). Seasonal effect on semen quality of Limousine and Simmental bulls. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 47(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.47.4.340-345
Hartoyo, Y., Mudawamah, M., & Sumartono, S. (2021). Perbandingan kadar dan variasi fenotipe albumin induk beranak kembar dan tunggal pada domba Sapudi, Dormas, dan Suffas. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 22(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2021.022.02.7
Hidayat, Z. M., Laksana, A. T., & Triska, A. (2023). Kajian matematis mengenai strategi pengembangbiakan sapi potong lokal guna meningkatkan kualitas daging sapi. Diophantine Journal of Mathematics and Its Applications, 2(1), 1–10.
Isnaini, N., Wahjuningsih, S., Ma'ruf, A., & Witayanto, D. A. (2019). Effects of age and breed on semen quality of beef bull sires in an Indonesian artificial insemination center. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(5), Article 78. https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/5/nurul31078.html
Kelso, K. A., Redpath, A., Noble, R. C., & Speake, B. K. (1997). Lipid and antioxidant changes in spermatozoa and seminal plasma throughout the reproductive period of bulls. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 109(1), 1–6.
Konenda, M. T. K., Ondho, Y. S., Samsudewa, D., Herwijanti, E., Amaliya, A., & Setiawan, I. A. (2020). Seasonal variation and age-related changes in semen quality of Limousin bull at Indonesian artificial insemination center. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 9(4), 553–557.
Lasley, J. F. (1978). Genetics of livestock improvement (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
Laurestabo, A. S., Poli, Z., Lomboan, A., Bujung, J. R., & Paath, J. F. (2022). Evaluasi hasil penerapan teknologi inseminasi buatan (IB) pada ternak sapi potong di Kecamatan Sangkub. Zootec, 42(1), 220–228.
Mathevon, M., Buhr, M. M., & Dekkers, J. C. (1998). Environmental, management, and genetic factors affecting semen production in Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(12), 3321–3330. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75898-9
Mudawamah, M., Ciptadi, G., & Retnaningtyas, I. D. (2021). Variasi yang melimpah, morfometri tubuh, dan nilai pembiakan kambing Etawah lokal Indonesia yang berbasis di Jawa Timur. Animal Production, 23(1), 54–61.
Murphy, E. M., Kelly, A. K., O'Meara, C., Eivers, B., Lonergan, P., & Fair, S. (2018). Influence of bull age, ejaculate number, and season of collection on semen production and sperm motility parameters in Holstein Friesian bulls in a commercial artificial insemination centre. Journal of Animal Science, 96(6), 2408–2418. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky130
Nagai, R., Kinukawa, M., Watanabe, T., Ogino, A., Kurogi, K., Adachi, K., Satoh, M., & Uemoto, Y. (2022). Genomic dissection of repeatability considering additive and non-additive genetic effects for semen production traits in beef and dairy bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 100(9), skac241. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac241
Nyuwita, A., Susilawati, T., & Isnaini, N. (2015). Kualitas semen segar dan produksi semen beku sapi Simmental pada umur yang berbeda. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 16(1), 61–68.
Ramajayan, P., Sivaselvam, S. N., Karthickeyan, S. M. K., Venkataramanan, R., & Gopinathan, A. (2023). Non-genetic effects and repeatability estimates of semen production traits in Murrah buffalo bulls. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 55(2), Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03493-8
Rostellato, R., Bonfatti, V., Dias, V. A. D., Savoia, S., Spalenza, V., Albera, A., & Carnier, P. (2021). Estimates of non-genetic effects and genetic parameters for semen traits in Piemontese bulls. Animal, 15(8), 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100302
Seuk, M. O. (2018). Pengaruh frekuensi penampungan terhadap kualitas spermatozoa sapi Bali. Journal of Animal Science, 3(4), 51–53.
Sitanggang, G. (2018). Pengaruh lingkungan dan nilai ripitabilitas pada kualitas semen sapi Peranakan Ongole jantan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 23(2), 88–92.
Snoj, T., Kobal, S., & Majdič, G. (2013). Effects of season, age, and breed on semen characteristics in different Bos taurus breeds in a 31-year retrospective study. Theriogenology, 79(5), 847–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.12.014
Supraptono, S., Rahmat, D., & Hilmia, N. (2018). Evaluasi produktivitas semen dan nilai ripitabilitasnya pada pejantan sapi Friesian Holstein (FH) di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang. JANHUS: Journal of Animal Husbandry Science, 3(1), 43–51.
Susilawati, T. (2011). Spermatologi. UB Press.
Suyadi, S., Purwantara, B., Furqon, A., Septian, W. A., Novianti, I., Nursita, I. W., Nugraha, C. D., Putri, R. F., Pratiwi, H., & Herwiyati, E. (2020). Effect of bull age and season on sperm motility, sperm concentration and ejaculate volume of Ongole Grade cattle at Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 45(4), 261–267.
Taaffe, P., O'Meara, C. M., Stiavnicka, M., Byrne, C. J., Eivers, B., Lonergan, P., & Fair, S. (2022). Increasing the ejaculate collection frequency of young dairy bulls increases sperm output and field fertility. Theriogenology, 182, 45–52.
Warmadewi, D. A., Oka, I. G. L., Sarini, N. P., Ardika, I. N., & Dewantari, M. (2015). Bahan ajar ilmu pemuliaan ternak. Universitas Udayana.
Wijayanto, F. S., Ondho, Y. S., & Setiatin, E. T. (2019). Pengaruh frekuensi penampungan terhadap kualitas semen segar sapi PO Kebumen yang dievaluasi secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Agromedia: Berkala Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 37(2), 26–33.
Yanuarista, W., Setiatin, E. T., & Samsudewa, D. (2022). Pengaruh umur pejantan sapi Simmental terhadap tingkah laku reproduksi, kualitas semen segar dan jumlah produksi semen beku. Livestock and Animal Research, 20(1), 38–47.
Zamuna, K. K., Susilawati, T., Ciptadi, G., & Marjuki, M. (2015). Perbedaan kualitas semen dan produksi semen beku pada berbagai rumpun sapi potong. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 16(2), 1–6.
Aisah, S., Isnaini, N., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2017). Kualitas semen segar dan recovery rate sapi Bali pada musim yang berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 27(1), 63–79.
Balić, I. M., Milinković-Tur, S., Samardžija, M., & Vince, S. (2012). Effect of age and environmental factors on semen quality, glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidative parameters in Simmental bulls. Theriogenology, 78(2), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.022
Bebas, W., Gorda, I. W., & Dada, K. A. (2021). Pengaruh musim hujan dan kemarau terhadap kualitas semen sapi Bali di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 13(1), 105–112.
Boujenane, I., & Boussaq, K. (2013). Environmental effects and repeatability estimates for sperm production and semen quality of Holstein bulls. Archiv Tierzucht, 56(1), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-098
BPS. (2024). Impor daging sejenis lembu menurut negara asal utama, 2018–2023. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/MjAxMSMx/impor-daging-sejenis-lembu-menurut-negara-asal-utama--2018-2023.html
Brito, L. F., Silva, A. E., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, L. A., & Kastelic, J. P. (2002). Effects of age and genetic group on characteristics of the scrotum, testes and testicular vascular cones, and on sperm production and semen quality in AI bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology, 58(6), 1175–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00921-4
Dalton, D. C. (1980). An introduction to practical animal breeding. Granada Publishing.
Dewi, A. S., Ondho, Y. S., & Kurnianto, E. (2012). Kualitas semen berdasarkan umur pada sapi jantan Jawa. Animal Agriculture Journal, 1(2), 126–133.
Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2017). An applied guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fuerst-Waltl, B., Schwarzenbacher, H., Perner, C., & Sölkner, J. (2006). Effects of age and environmental factors on semen production and semen quality of Austrian Simmental bulls. Animal Reproduction Science, 95(1–2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.09.002
Hapsari, F. R., Samsudewa, D., Setiatin, E. T., Ondho, Y. S., Setiaji, A., Harsi, T., Irfan, I. Z., Syamsono, O., & Sukmawati, E. (2022). Seasonal effect on semen quality of Limousine and Simmental bulls. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 47(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.47.4.340-345
Hartoyo, Y., Mudawamah, M., & Sumartono, S. (2021). Perbandingan kadar dan variasi fenotipe albumin induk beranak kembar dan tunggal pada domba Sapudi, Dormas, dan Suffas. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 22(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2021.022.02.7
Hidayat, Z. M., Laksana, A. T., & Triska, A. (2023). Kajian matematis mengenai strategi pengembangbiakan sapi potong lokal guna meningkatkan kualitas daging sapi. Diophantine Journal of Mathematics and Its Applications, 2(1), 1–10.
Isnaini, N., Wahjuningsih, S., Ma'ruf, A., & Witayanto, D. A. (2019). Effects of age and breed on semen quality of beef bull sires in an Indonesian artificial insemination center. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(5), Article 78. https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/5/nurul31078.html
Kelso, K. A., Redpath, A., Noble, R. C., & Speake, B. K. (1997). Lipid and antioxidant changes in spermatozoa and seminal plasma throughout the reproductive period of bulls. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 109(1), 1–6.
Konenda, M. T. K., Ondho, Y. S., Samsudewa, D., Herwijanti, E., Amaliya, A., & Setiawan, I. A. (2020). Seasonal variation and age-related changes in semen quality of Limousin bull at Indonesian artificial insemination center. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 9(4), 553–557.
Lasley, J. F. (1978). Genetics of livestock improvement (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
Laurestabo, A. S., Poli, Z., Lomboan, A., Bujung, J. R., & Paath, J. F. (2022). Evaluasi hasil penerapan teknologi inseminasi buatan (IB) pada ternak sapi potong di Kecamatan Sangkub. Zootec, 42(1), 220–228.
Mathevon, M., Buhr, M. M., & Dekkers, J. C. (1998). Environmental, management, and genetic factors affecting semen production in Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(12), 3321–3330. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75898-9
Mudawamah, M., Ciptadi, G., & Retnaningtyas, I. D. (2021). Variasi yang melimpah, morfometri tubuh, dan nilai pembiakan kambing Etawah lokal Indonesia yang berbasis di Jawa Timur. Animal Production, 23(1), 54–61.
Murphy, E. M., Kelly, A. K., O'Meara, C., Eivers, B., Lonergan, P., & Fair, S. (2018). Influence of bull age, ejaculate number, and season of collection on semen production and sperm motility parameters in Holstein Friesian bulls in a commercial artificial insemination centre. Journal of Animal Science, 96(6), 2408–2418. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky130
Nagai, R., Kinukawa, M., Watanabe, T., Ogino, A., Kurogi, K., Adachi, K., Satoh, M., & Uemoto, Y. (2022). Genomic dissection of repeatability considering additive and non-additive genetic effects for semen production traits in beef and dairy bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 100(9), skac241. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac241
Nyuwita, A., Susilawati, T., & Isnaini, N. (2015). Kualitas semen segar dan produksi semen beku sapi Simmental pada umur yang berbeda. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 16(1), 61–68.
Ramajayan, P., Sivaselvam, S. N., Karthickeyan, S. M. K., Venkataramanan, R., & Gopinathan, A. (2023). Non-genetic effects and repeatability estimates of semen production traits in Murrah buffalo bulls. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 55(2), Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03493-8
Rostellato, R., Bonfatti, V., Dias, V. A. D., Savoia, S., Spalenza, V., Albera, A., & Carnier, P. (2021). Estimates of non-genetic effects and genetic parameters for semen traits in Piemontese bulls. Animal, 15(8), 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100302
Seuk, M. O. (2018). Pengaruh frekuensi penampungan terhadap kualitas spermatozoa sapi Bali. Journal of Animal Science, 3(4), 51–53.
Sitanggang, G. (2018). Pengaruh lingkungan dan nilai ripitabilitas pada kualitas semen sapi Peranakan Ongole jantan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 23(2), 88–92.
Snoj, T., Kobal, S., & Majdič, G. (2013). Effects of season, age, and breed on semen characteristics in different Bos taurus breeds in a 31-year retrospective study. Theriogenology, 79(5), 847–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.12.014
Supraptono, S., Rahmat, D., & Hilmia, N. (2018). Evaluasi produktivitas semen dan nilai ripitabilitasnya pada pejantan sapi Friesian Holstein (FH) di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang. JANHUS: Journal of Animal Husbandry Science, 3(1), 43–51.
Susilawati, T. (2011). Spermatologi. UB Press.
Suyadi, S., Purwantara, B., Furqon, A., Septian, W. A., Novianti, I., Nursita, I. W., Nugraha, C. D., Putri, R. F., Pratiwi, H., & Herwiyati, E. (2020). Effect of bull age and season on sperm motility, sperm concentration and ejaculate volume of Ongole Grade cattle at Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 45(4), 261–267.
Taaffe, P., O'Meara, C. M., Stiavnicka, M., Byrne, C. J., Eivers, B., Lonergan, P., & Fair, S. (2022). Increasing the ejaculate collection frequency of young dairy bulls increases sperm output and field fertility. Theriogenology, 182, 45–52.
Warmadewi, D. A., Oka, I. G. L., Sarini, N. P., Ardika, I. N., & Dewantari, M. (2015). Bahan ajar ilmu pemuliaan ternak. Universitas Udayana.
Wijayanto, F. S., Ondho, Y. S., & Setiatin, E. T. (2019). Pengaruh frekuensi penampungan terhadap kualitas semen segar sapi PO Kebumen yang dievaluasi secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Agromedia: Berkala Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 37(2), 26–33.
Yanuarista, W., Setiatin, E. T., & Samsudewa, D. (2022). Pengaruh umur pejantan sapi Simmental terhadap tingkah laku reproduksi, kualitas semen segar dan jumlah produksi semen beku. Livestock and Animal Research, 20(1), 38–47.
Zamuna, K. K., Susilawati, T., Ciptadi, G., & Marjuki, M. (2015). Perbedaan kualitas semen dan produksi semen beku pada berbagai rumpun sapi potong. Ternak Tropika: Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 16(2), 1–6.