Kesenjangan Struktural Norma Pengaturan Aborsi dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia: Analisis Hak Asasi Manusia dan Teori Hukum Feminis
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Published
Oct 19, 2026
Abstract
The reform of Indonesia's Criminal Code, Health Law, and its implementing regulation has been presented as progress for women's reproductive rights, yet it remains unclear whether the new framework actually meets international human rights standards. Existing studies tend to examine criminal, health, or ethical aspects in isolation, leaving a research gap concerning the combined assessment of Indonesia's abortion norms through both human rights law and feminist legal theory. This study aims to measure the gap between Indonesia's abortion norms and international reproductive rights standards and to explain why that gap persists. It employs normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, analysing primary legal materials, treaty body interpretations, and scholarly literature prescriptively. The results show that the norms recognise reproductive rights only partially and symbolically, while neglecting them substantively, procedurally, and in implementation, and that they fail the legality, necessity, and proportionality tests for restricting rights. The novelty of this study lies in a three-layer reading of gender subordination, namely the construction of the legal subject, the distribution of decision-making authority, and the recognition of legitimate knowledge, which shows that the gap is structural and requires a shift from criminalisation to a health-service paradigm.
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How to Cite
Ismansyah, I. and Irwanto, E. L. (2026) “Kesenjangan Struktural Norma Pengaturan Aborsi dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia: Analisis Hak Asasi Manusia dan Teori Hukum Feminis”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2580-2591. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2326.
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Bearak, J., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., Moller, A.-B., Tunçalp, Ö., Beavin, C., Kwok, L., & Alkema, L. (2020). Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1152–e1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30315-6
Charlesworth, H., & Chinkin, C. (2022). The boundaries of international law: A feminist analysis (with a new introduction). Manchester University Press.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2016). General comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health (E/C.12/GC/22). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (1999). General recommendation No. 24: Article 12 of the Convention (women and health) (A/54/38/Rev.1). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2011a). L.C. v. Peru, Communication No. 22/2009 (CEDAW/C/50/D/22/2009). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2011b). Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira v. Brazil, Communication No. 17/2008 (CEDAW/C/49/D/17/2008). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19 (CEDAW/C/GC/35). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2021). Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of Indonesia (CEDAW/C/IDN/CO/8). United Nations.
Erdman, J. N., & Cook, R. J. (2020). Decriminalization of abortion – A human rights imperative. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 62, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.004
Ganatra, B., Gerdts, C., Rossier, C., Johnson, B. R., Tunçalp, Ö., Assifi, A., Sedgh, G., Singh, S., Bankole, A., Popinchalk, A., Bearak, J., Kang, Z., & Alkema, L. (2017). Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: Estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. The Lancet, 390(10110), 2372–2381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31794-4
Human Rights Committee. (2005). K.L. v. Peru, Communication No. 1153/2003 (CCPR/C/85/D/1153/2003). United Nations.
Human Rights Committee. (2016). Mellet v. Ireland, Communication No. 2324/2013 (CCPR/C/116/D/2324/2013). United Nations.
Human Rights Committee. (2019). General comment No. 36 on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life (CCPR/C/GC/36). United Nations.
Institute for Criminal Justice Reform. (2024). Abortion in Indonesia: 2023 update (Indonesia Criminal Law Update No. 1/2024). ICJR.
Jaramillo Sierra, I. C. (2023). The new Colombian law on abortion. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14551
MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1991). Reflections on sex equality under law. The Yale Law Journal, 100(5), 1281–1328.
MacKinnon, C. A. (2017). Butterfly politics: Changing the world for women. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian hukum (Edisi revisi). Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Nagieb, M., & Widjaja, G. (2025). Harmonisasi implementasi pengaturan tindak pidana aborsi dalam UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan dan UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Jurnal Sosial dan Teknologi, 5(12), 4425–4436.
Nurtjahyo, L. (2023). Tubuhku bukan milikku: Pasal 463 KUHP baru ditinjau dari perspektif hukum feminis. Jurnal Perempuan, 28(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v28i1.810
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Prayoga, M. A., & Hapsari, I. P. (2026). Disharmonisasi pengaturan aborsi antara Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan prinsip hak asasi manusia di Indonesia: Analisis komparatif dengan Jepang. Jurnal Tana Mana, 7(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v7i1.1546
Siang, P. F., & Mangesti, Y. A. (2026). Rekonstruksi pengaturan pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(3), 2184–2200. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14407
Suwandono, A., & Busyra. (2025). Abortion: Ethical and legal perspectives in Indonesia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(3), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00322-4
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1.
Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 120.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 105.
United Nations Economic and Social Council. (1984). Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (E/CN.4/1985/4). United Nations.
United Nations. (1995). Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5–13 September 1994 (A/CONF.171/13/Rev.1). United Nations.
Wardani, D. W. W., Bhakti, R. T. A., & Hadiyanto, A. (2026). Informed consent sebagai dasar persetujuan dalam perjanjian terapeutik terminasi kehamilan. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(1), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i1.13936
West, R. (1988). Jurisprudence and gender. The University of Chicago Law Review, 55(1), 1–72.
West, R. (1997). Caring for justice. New York University Press.
World Health Organization. (2022). Abortion care guideline. World Health Organization.
Zampas, C., & Gher, J. M. (2008). Abortion as a human right—International and regional standards. Human Rights Law Review, 8(2), 249–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn008