Model Pengaturan Aborsi di Belanda, Prancis, Singapura, dan Australia: Kajian Perbandingan Fungsional sebagai Rujukan Reformasi Hukum Indonesia
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Published
Oct 19, 2026
Abstract
Indonesia's 2023 reforms widened the exceptions to its abortion prohibition, yet procedural requirements still block access, and reform debates swing between wholesale adoption and outright rejection of foreign models. The research gap is the absence of a systematic comparison of several jurisdictions with different legal traditions that also accounts for the non-state normative orders shaping how abortion law works in practice. This study aims to compare the abortion norms of the Netherlands, France, Singapore, and Australia in protecting women's reproductive rights and to identify lessons adaptable to Indonesia. It uses normative legal research with statutory and comparative approaches, applying functional comparative law as the main analytical tool and legal pluralism theory as a complementary one. The results show that the four jurisdictions protect reproductive rights through different configurations, namely institutional compromise, constitutional guarantee, administrative licensing, and staged decriminalisation, but share three decisive functional features: control placed within the health system, no non-medical third-party authorisation, and mechanisms protecting access and confidentiality. Indonesia retains two requirements with no functional equivalent anywhere, investigator certification and husband confirmation. The novelty of this study is a service-based layered protection model showing that the most adaptable lessons are procedural and institutional rather than philosophical and substantive.
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How to Cite
Zurnetti, A. and Irwanto, E. L. (2026) “Model Pengaturan Aborsi di Belanda, Prancis, Singapura, dan Australia: Kajian Perbandingan Fungsional sebagai Rujukan Reformasi Hukum Indonesia”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2554-2566. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2331.
References
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Ambast, S., Atay, H., & Lavelanet, A. (2023). A global review of penalties for abortion-related offences in 182 countries. BMJ Global Health, 8(3), e010405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010405
Bearak, J., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., Moller, A.-B., Tunçalp, Ö., Beavin, C., Kwok, L., & Alkema, L. (2020). Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1152–e1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30315-6
Berer, M. (2017). Abortion law and policy around the world: In search of decriminalization. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 13–27.
Code de la santé publique (Prancis), Articles L2212-1 à L2212-11, sebagaimana diubah dengan Loi n° 2022-295 du 2 mars 2022 visant à renforcer le droit à l'avortement.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2016). General comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health (E/C.12/GC/22). United Nations.
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2022a). The impact of criminalisation on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMJ Global Health, 7(12), e010409. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010409
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2022b). The impact of 'grounds' on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health, 22, 936. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13247-0
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2023a). The impact of third-party authorization requirements on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health, 23, 2065. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16307-1
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2023b). The impact of 'conscientious objection' on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. Health Policy, 129, 104716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104716
Erdman, J. N., & Cook, R. J. (2020). Decriminalization of abortion – A human rights imperative. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 62, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.004
Fine, J. B., Mayall, K., & Sepúlveda, L. (2017). The role of international human rights norms in the liberalization of abortion laws globally. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 69–80.
Giorgio, M. M., Utomo, B., Soeharno, N., Aryanty, R. I., Besral, Stillman, M., Philbin, J., Singh, S., & Sedgh, G. (2020). Estimating the incidence of induced abortion in Java, Indonesia, 2018. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1363/46e0220
Husa, J. (2015). A new introduction to comparative law. Hart Publishing.
Kumar, A., Hessini, L., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2009). Conceptualising abortion stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(6), 625–639.
Lavelanet, A. F., Schlitt, S., Johnson, B. R., & Ganatra, B. (2018). Global Abortion Policies Database: A descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 18(1), 44.
Library of Congress. (2024, April 8). Australia: Western Australia abortion law reforms come into force. Global Legal Monitor. https://www.loc.gov
Loi constitutionnelle n° 2024-200 du 8 mars 2024 relative à la liberté de recourir à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse (Prancis). (2024).
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869–896. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053638
Merry, S. E. (2016). The seductions of quantification: Measuring human rights, gender violence, and sex trafficking. University of Chicago Press.
Michaels, R. (2019). The functional method of comparative law. In M. Reimann & R. Zimmermann (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of comparative law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Nurtjahyo, L. (2023). Tubuhku bukan milikku: Pasal 463 KUHP baru ditinjau dari perspektif hukum feminis. Jurnal Perempuan, 28(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v28i1.810
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Prayoga, M. A., & Hapsari, I. P. (2026). Disharmonisasi pengaturan aborsi antara Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan prinsip hak asasi manusia di Indonesia: Analisis komparatif dengan Jepang. Jurnal Tana Mana, 7(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v7i1.1546
Rowlands, S. (2025). Mandatory spousal authorisation for abortion: Characteristics of countries in which it exists and the potential for modernisation of the law. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 30(2), 104–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2024.2434844
Siang, P. F., & Mangesti, Y. A. (2026). Rekonstruksi pengaturan pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(3), 2184–2200. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14407
Siems, M. (2022). Comparative law (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Sifris, R., & Penovic, T. (2025). Exceptionalising abortion law: Decriminalised jurisprudence in Australia. Griffith Law Review, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2025.2493484
Suwandono, A., & Busyra. (2025). Abortion: Ethical and legal perspectives in Indonesia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(3), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00322-4
Tamanaha, B. Z. (2021). Legal pluralism explained: History, theory, consequences. Oxford University Press.
Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974 (Singapura), Revised Edition 2020.
Tongue, Z. L. (2022). On conscientious objection to abortion: Questioning mandatory referral as compromise in the international human rights framework. Medical Law International, 22(4), 349–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/09685332221119503
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 105.
Verfassungsblog. (2024, March 9). Enshrining abortion rights in the French Constitution: A global statement with little domestic substance? https://verfassungsblog.de/enshrining-abortion-rights-in-the-french-constitution/
Wardani, D. W. W., Bhakti, R. T. A., & Hadiyanto, A. (2026). Informed consent sebagai dasar persetujuan dalam perjanjian terapeutik terminasi kehamilan. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(1), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i1.13936
Wet afbreking zwangerschap, Staatsblad 1981, 257 (Belanda), sebagaimana diubah dengan Wet van 16 januari 2023, Staatsblad 2023, 43.
World Health Organization. (2022). Abortion care guideline. World Health Organization.
Zweigert, K., & Kötz, H. (1998). An introduction to comparative law (T. Weir, Trans.; 3rd ed.). Clarendon Press.
Ambast, S., Atay, H., & Lavelanet, A. (2023). A global review of penalties for abortion-related offences in 182 countries. BMJ Global Health, 8(3), e010405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010405
Bearak, J., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., Moller, A.-B., Tunçalp, Ö., Beavin, C., Kwok, L., & Alkema, L. (2020). Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1152–e1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30315-6
Berer, M. (2017). Abortion law and policy around the world: In search of decriminalization. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 13–27.
Code de la santé publique (Prancis), Articles L2212-1 à L2212-11, sebagaimana diubah dengan Loi n° 2022-295 du 2 mars 2022 visant à renforcer le droit à l'avortement.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2016). General comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health (E/C.12/GC/22). United Nations.
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2022a). The impact of criminalisation on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMJ Global Health, 7(12), e010409. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010409
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2022b). The impact of 'grounds' on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health, 22, 936. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13247-0
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2023a). The impact of third-party authorization requirements on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health, 23, 2065. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16307-1
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2023b). The impact of 'conscientious objection' on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. Health Policy, 129, 104716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104716
Erdman, J. N., & Cook, R. J. (2020). Decriminalization of abortion – A human rights imperative. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 62, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.004
Fine, J. B., Mayall, K., & Sepúlveda, L. (2017). The role of international human rights norms in the liberalization of abortion laws globally. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 69–80.
Giorgio, M. M., Utomo, B., Soeharno, N., Aryanty, R. I., Besral, Stillman, M., Philbin, J., Singh, S., & Sedgh, G. (2020). Estimating the incidence of induced abortion in Java, Indonesia, 2018. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1363/46e0220
Husa, J. (2015). A new introduction to comparative law. Hart Publishing.
Kumar, A., Hessini, L., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2009). Conceptualising abortion stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(6), 625–639.
Lavelanet, A. F., Schlitt, S., Johnson, B. R., & Ganatra, B. (2018). Global Abortion Policies Database: A descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 18(1), 44.
Library of Congress. (2024, April 8). Australia: Western Australia abortion law reforms come into force. Global Legal Monitor. https://www.loc.gov
Loi constitutionnelle n° 2024-200 du 8 mars 2024 relative à la liberté de recourir à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse (Prancis). (2024).
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869–896. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053638
Merry, S. E. (2016). The seductions of quantification: Measuring human rights, gender violence, and sex trafficking. University of Chicago Press.
Michaels, R. (2019). The functional method of comparative law. In M. Reimann & R. Zimmermann (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of comparative law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Nurtjahyo, L. (2023). Tubuhku bukan milikku: Pasal 463 KUHP baru ditinjau dari perspektif hukum feminis. Jurnal Perempuan, 28(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v28i1.810
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Prayoga, M. A., & Hapsari, I. P. (2026). Disharmonisasi pengaturan aborsi antara Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan prinsip hak asasi manusia di Indonesia: Analisis komparatif dengan Jepang. Jurnal Tana Mana, 7(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v7i1.1546
Rowlands, S. (2025). Mandatory spousal authorisation for abortion: Characteristics of countries in which it exists and the potential for modernisation of the law. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 30(2), 104–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2024.2434844
Siang, P. F., & Mangesti, Y. A. (2026). Rekonstruksi pengaturan pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(3), 2184–2200. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14407
Siems, M. (2022). Comparative law (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Sifris, R., & Penovic, T. (2025). Exceptionalising abortion law: Decriminalised jurisprudence in Australia. Griffith Law Review, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2025.2493484
Suwandono, A., & Busyra. (2025). Abortion: Ethical and legal perspectives in Indonesia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(3), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00322-4
Tamanaha, B. Z. (2021). Legal pluralism explained: History, theory, consequences. Oxford University Press.
Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974 (Singapura), Revised Edition 2020.
Tongue, Z. L. (2022). On conscientious objection to abortion: Questioning mandatory referral as compromise in the international human rights framework. Medical Law International, 22(4), 349–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/09685332221119503
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 105.
Verfassungsblog. (2024, March 9). Enshrining abortion rights in the French Constitution: A global statement with little domestic substance? https://verfassungsblog.de/enshrining-abortion-rights-in-the-french-constitution/
Wardani, D. W. W., Bhakti, R. T. A., & Hadiyanto, A. (2026). Informed consent sebagai dasar persetujuan dalam perjanjian terapeutik terminasi kehamilan. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(1), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i1.13936
Wet afbreking zwangerschap, Staatsblad 1981, 257 (Belanda), sebagaimana diubah dengan Wet van 16 januari 2023, Staatsblad 2023, 43.
World Health Organization. (2022). Abortion care guideline. World Health Organization.
Zweigert, K., & Kötz, H. (1998). An introduction to comparative law (T. Weir, Trans.; 3rd ed.). Clarendon Press.